In this video Paul Andersen explains how engineers optimize the design solution. After a number of solutions have been identified engineers will test each of them against a given set of criteria. They will trade-off different phenomenon to arrive at a best solution. An example of this trade-off process was used in the creation of the Apollo 11 lunar module. A K-12 teaching progression is also included.
ESS2.A: Earth Materials and Systems
In this video Paul Andersen describes the four major spheres on planet Earth. The geosphere makes up the mass of the planet and includes the major landforms. The hydrosphere is all of the water and the atmosphere is all of the gases. The biosphere exists where the others spheres interface. A K-12 teaching progression is also included.
CCC7: Stability and Change
Paul Andersen explains how stability and change are regulated in systems through controls and feedback. Controls are used to regulate matter and energy flowing into a system. Feedback mechanisms within the system are used to regulate stability. Negative feedback loops keep the values around a set point and positive feedback loops move them away. Disequilibrium can result in death of living systems and destruction of physical systems. A progression of instruction for K-12 students is also included.
SEP6: Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions
Paul Andersen explains how scientists modify theories by constructing explanations. He also discusses the cycle of design used by engineers to solve problems. He starts by defining a theory as a well-established explanation of a phenomenon that is refined over time. Examples discussed in the video include the big bang theory, the germ theory and the theory of natural selection. He also lays out a progression for building this skill in students.
